Showing posts with label Pest. Show all posts

Over the last 30 years, the use of pesticides has spiked around the world. People now pour 2.5 million tons of these chemicals into the environment annually, contributing to a $35 billion industry run by global corporations. To make matters worse, the more people use pesticides, the more ineffective they become.

Why are crop yields lost to insects greater than ever before, when pesticide use is at an all time high?

Take a look at the citrus greening crisis happening in places like Florida and California. Citrus greening is a disease spread by the psyllid insect. This insect contaminates citrus trees by leaving a trail of bacteria that ultimately kills the trees. Florida is currently witnessing a 10 percent reduction in produce because of this.
Problems like these exist because pesticides are killing beneficial insects, like lady beetles, that were created to feasts on pests like psyllids. By killing lady beetles, pesticides destroy a balanced ecosystem.

So are pesticides doing more harm than good?

Pesticides are ravaging the environment. Farmers and researchers are now witnessing the death of entire bee colonies because of pesticides. Billions of bees are disappearing from their natural environment, as they cannot handle the poisonous nectar they're pollinating from contaminated flowers.

Systemic pesticides use on the risePesticides are penetrating deep into plants tissues: agrinfobank.com

Some people are completely aware of pesticides' ability to disrupt the thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands. These glands control hormones in the human body which guide the development, growth, gender, behavior, and reproductive systems.
That's why some people wash their fruit and vegetables before eating them. The sad reality is that pesticides exist not only as residue, but are also pent up and stored inside plant tissues. In fact, systemic pesticide use is on the rise. These chemicals, first used in 1998, have now spread to most of the conventional food supply. Systemic pesticides travel from the soil and are absorbed into vegetation, moving through the xylem and extending into the leaves and flowers, where they infect pollen and nectar. Four classes of pesticides have become commonplace and include imidacloprids, which are applied to vegetables like tomatoes and leafy greens. Thiamethoxam is typically used as seed "treatment" for corn, but is now applied to soil for fruit and vegetables. Clothianidin is also a seed contaminant, used on canola, cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Dinotefuran is either applied to soil or sprayed directly on leafy greens, including cucumber crops.

Stunning pesticide levels in USDA tests

Tests conducted by the US Department of Agriculture from 1999 to 2007 report stunning levels of systemic pesticides in conventional produce. They found that 70 percent of broccoli and 74 percent of fresh lettuce contained imidacloprid residues. Heavy levels of thiamethoxam were found in strawberries and sweet peppers.
Worse yet, the tests found imidacloprid levels of up to 550 parts per billion in eucalyptus nectar and pollen - three times the amount needed to kill honeybees!
Water droplets that exude from a plant's surface also tested positive for systemic pesticides; plants are practically bleeding out chemicals!
The Journal of Economic Entomology reports, "When bees consume guttation drops, collected from plants grown from neonicotinoid-coated seeds, they encounter death within a few minutes."
Additionally, systemic nitroguanidine pesticides can last up to 500 days or more in soil, affecting the ecosystem for up to two seasons, poisoning water, soil, worms, beetles, and bees which all play an important role in a thriving environment.

Four simple actions to make a difference

• Stop using pesticides altogether and appreciate a balanced ecosystem.
• Shop locally, but more importantly, shop organically. Put your money where your morals are.
• Realize that the government is not protecting the population from harmful chemicals. Even though they have more regulatory agencies than ever before, big government is actually permitting these disease spreading, Earth-ravaging chemicals to persist.
• Collectively make your voice heard by signing a petition. http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/ban-systemic-pesticide
Sources for this article include
http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/ban-systemic-pesticide
http://www.motherearthnews.com
http://www.panna.org/issues/food-agriculture/pesticides-on-food
http://www.organicgardeningguru.com/pesticides.html
http://www.panna.org/issues/food-agriculture/pesticides-on-food

When pests attack your plants, believe it or not, the plants advertise it to predators who eat those pests. Of course, they don't scream out, "Hey, there's food here!" Instead, they release volatile chemicals—natural substances that easily evaporate and diffuse through the air—that cue beneficial organisms to come over and take out the pests.Plants calling for help
Scientists are exploring how plants use volatile compounds to attract pest predators. Researchers refer to these chemicals as herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) because they are made in response to a plant-eating pest.
Back in the 1980s, entomologists Marcel Dicke, Ph.D., of Wageningen University (then still a student) and Maurice W. Sabelis, Ph.D., of the University of Amsterdam, both in the Netherlands, were studying spider mites on bean plants when they had a crazy brainstorm. Did the infested bean plants have a mechanism for attracting predatory mites? As it turned out, they did.
Since then, scientists have found that nearly all plants produce HIPVs. For example, corn can release HIPVs under the soil to attract nematodes that parasitize corn rootworms, or above ground to attract parasitic wasps that kill stem-borer larvae. It can even sound the alarm when a stem-borer egg is laid on a corn leaf, before any damage occurs.
At the time, Dicke and Sabelis's discovery attracted little interest from plant breeders. Without realizing it, hybridizers sometimes bred the capability to produce HIPVs out of commercial crop varieties.
But times have changed. Individual plant varieties vary greatly in their ability to produce HIPVs, Dicke says. "There are some varieties that cry for help and others that whisper for help." Growers who use beneficial organisms in pest control want varieties that can "shout" with HIPVs. Breeders are now working with cucumbers to select for greater HIPV production.
Scientists also identified which volatiles corn produces when attacked by stem borers, and found that a legume in the genus Desmodium releases the same chemicals all the time. By intercropping corn with Desmodium and planting a grass attractive to stem borers around the perimeter of the field as a trap crop—a system known as "push-pull"—farmers in Kenya increased their yields more than threefold.
The technology that works in Kenya may not help American gardeners who deal with different pests and beneficial insects. More research is needed into how HIPVs might help organic growers. In the meantime, knowing about HIPVs helps us understand how our plants defend themselves against pests—without pesticides.
Originally published in Organic Gardening Magazine August/September 2013.







The survey of 17 districts of the Punjab province of the country revealed that root-knot nematodes prevailed in 85.25% of okra fields with an average incidence of 38.89%. Hundred percent prevalence was recorded in Multan, Okara, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalnagar, Vehari, Rahim Yar Khan and Rawalpindi districts and a minimum prevalence of 22.4% was found in Lodhran district. The incidence was above 60% in Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan and Vehari and was only 4.44% in Lodhran.
Meloidogyne_incognitaThe severity of infection of the nematodes was highest in Bahawalnagar and Vehari, while it was lowest in Lodhran. Of the four most common root-knot species, M. incognita contributed 74.74%, M. javanica 24.02%, M. arenaria 2% and M. hapla 0.78%. Of the twelve cultivars of okra screened for resistance against M. incognita, none was found tolerant, highly resistant or moderately resistant. Two cultivars viz. Selection-31 and Okra Sindha were susceptible and the cultivar Punjab Selection was found highly susceptible. The rest of the cultivars showed moderate susceptibility towards the nematode. All the cultivars caused reduction in various growth parameters to varying levels over their respective controls. When the effect of different inoculum levels of M. incognita was investigated on the highly susceptible okra cultivar ‘Punjab Selection’, all the densities of nematode behaved differently. The reduction in growth parameters and increases in number of galls and egg masses were found directly proportional to the inoculum level as against, the nematodes build up which was found to be inversely proportional. 2 All the tested antagonists proved effective in controlling M. incognita and significantly increased the root and shoot lengths and weights and caused reductions in number of galls and egg masses. Pochonia chlamydosporia and Pasteuria penetrans were found equally effective at a concentration of 8 103 chlamydospores / endospores per gram of soil. Incorporation of leaves of Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera, Tagetes erecta and Datura stramonium in the soil @ 25, 50 and 75 g / kg of soil controlled M. incognita to varying degree. A. indica and C. procera caused maximum reductions in number of galls, egg masses and reproduction factor (Rf) of the nematode resulting into an increases in various growth parameters.
Reference: Muhammad Arshad , Hussain (2011) Studies on Biology, Distribution and Management of Meloidogyne spp. On Okra. PhD thesis, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi .

Pests and Diseases


Common name
Scientific name
Organism
Affects
Biosecurity program
Emerging/ exotic/ notifiable*
African citrus psyllid
Trioza erytreae
Insect
All cultivars of Citrus. Murraya (native and ornamental forms of mock orange or orange jasmine) and a range of ornamentals.
Surveillance
Exotic2
Siphoninus phillyreae
Insect
Ornamentals and fruit crops
Surveillance
Emerging*3
Diaphorina citri
Insect
All cultivars of Citrus. Murraya (native and ornamental forms of mock orange or orange jasmine) and Bergera koenigii (curry leaf). Also a range of ornamentals.
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Phyllosticta musarum and Guignardia musae
Fungus
Severe infection results in yellowing of the leaf, which withers and dies.
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Fungus
Bananas
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Orobanche ramosa
Parasitic weed
Broadleaf crops, broadleaf weeds, native plants
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Banana bunchy top virus
Virus
Bananas
Surveillance
Emerging*3, notifiable*
Xanthomonas axonopodis
Bacteria
Citrus
Surveillance
Exotic*2 , notifiable*
Citripestis sagittiferella
Insect
Citrus and other plants in the Rutaceae
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Candidatus liberobacter spp.
Bacteria
Citrus
Surveillance
Exotic*2 , notifiable*
Oidium tingitaninum and O. citri
Fungus
Citrus
Surveillance
Exotic2
Elsinoe australis
Fungus
Citrus
Surveillance
Exotic2
Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV): mandarin stem pitting strains
Virus
Citrus
Surveillance
Exotic2
Conopomorpha cramerella
Insect of the family Gracillariidae
Cocoa, rambutan and longan
Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity
Emerging
Wasmannia auropunctata
Ant
Environment
Eradication and control
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Hylotrupes
Insect
Seasoned pine timber
Surveillance
Exotic*
Solenopsis invicta
Ant
Environment
Eradication and control
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Caused by
Fusarium species
In wheat mainly
Fusarium graminearum
andF.
pseudogram-
inearum
Wheat and
barley
No
No; endemic and sporadic
Caused by Fusarium species
Mainly Fusarium thapsinum and F. andyaze
Sorghum
No
No; endemic and common
Achatina fulica
Gastropod
Environment
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
Insect
Grapes
Surveillance
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Phakopsora euvitis
Fungus
Grapes
Surveillance
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Phoma tracheiphila
Fungus
Citrus
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Prontarinia spp.
Insect
Mangoes
Surveillance
Emerging
Idioscopus nitidulus and
I. clypealis
Insect
Mangoes
Surveillance
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Fusarium mangiferae
and other
Fusarium spp.
Fungus
Mangoes
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Spulerina isonoma
Insect
Mangoes
Surveillance
Emerging*3
Sternochetus frigidus
Insect
Mangoes
Surveillance
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Ceratitis capitata
Insect
Fruit and vegetables, esp. stone fruit
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Bactrocera cucurbitae
Insect
Fruit and vegetables, esp. cucurbits and beans
Surveillance
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Thrips palmi
Insect
Fruit and vegetables
Surveillance
Emerging*3
Puccinia psidii
Fungus
Complete host range not known; however, it has been identified on Melaleuca, Syzygium and Eugenia sp.
Surveillance
Emerging*3
Amyelois transitella
Insect
Citrus, English walnuts, pistachio, almonds and grapes
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Panama disease
Fusarium oxysprorum f. sp. cubense

Fusarium species
Fungus
Bananas
Surveillance


Control
Exotic*2, notifiable*


Emerging*3
Bactrocera papayae
Insect
Fruit and vegetables
Surveillance
Exotic, notifiable*
Virus type P (PRSV-P)
Virus
Papaya and cucurbits
Control
Emerging*3
Xylella fastidiosa
Bacteria
Grapes
Surveillance
Exotic*2 , notifiable*

Virus
Stonefruit
Surveillance
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Potato cyst nematode
Globodera rostochiensis (Wall.) Skarbilovich
Nematode
Potato plants and other members of the solanaceous plant family
Surveillance
Emerging*2, notifiable*
Deanolis sublimbalis
Insect
Mangoes
Surveillance and control
Exotic*2, notifiable*
Bemisia tabaci biotype B
Insect
Range of ornamental and crop plants
Surveillance
Emerging*3
Scirtothrips aurantii
Insect
Ornamental and fruit crops, esp. citrus
Surveillance
Emerging*3, notifiable*
Oligonychus ilicus
Insect
Range
Surveillance
Exotic*2
Aleurodicus dispersus
Insect
Range
Surveillance
Emerging*3
Thysanoptera : Thripidae
Insect
Vegetables and fruit
Plant health pest and disease
Emerging*3
Liriomyza sativae
Insect
Common horticultural crops and ornamental plant species, esp. tomatoes, pumpkins and beans
Surveillance
Emerging*2
Anoplolepis gracilipes
Ant
Environment
Eradication and control
Exotic*2
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